After the European Union secured free trade agreements this year with Singapore and Vietnam, there is even greater incentive for other large Southeast Asian economies to speed up the pace of clinching their own trade pacts, but negotiations with the EU are certain to prove difficult.
Separate talks with Indonesia and the Philippines are ongoing, but are hindered by Jakarta's objections over an EU plan to ban imports of palm oil, and Europe's concerns with Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte's controversial war against drugs and alleged human rights abuses. Meanwhile, trade talks with Malaysia -- where the palm oil ban also is a contentious issue -- and Thailand have been stalled for years.
Still, the EU is pressing ahead. The body's trade commissioner, Cecilia Malmstrom, noted in June that the deal with Vietnam was "an important milestone" that could augur faster negotiations for the four other countries.
European Commissioner for Trade Cecilia Malmstrom, left, and Vietnamese Industry and Trade Minister Tran Tuan Anh, right, and other officials attending the signing ceremony of the EU-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement in Hanoi in June. © ReutersThe trade deals with Vietnam and Singapore were important given that the two countries accounted for more than 45% of total EU-ASEAN trade last year. But Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia and Thailand combined accounted for 50% of EU-ASEAN trade, according to Nikkei Asian Review's analysis of EU trade data. The other four ASEAN countries -- Brunei, Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar -- accounted for the rest.
Analysts say that because the pacts with Singapore and Vietnam will slash tariffs on most exports from those countries to the EU, the other four -- Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia and Thailand -- risk being left behind without their own agreements.
"The key is that with a [free trade agreement] this brings in investment to the country concerned and pulls potential funds away from countries that do not have agreements due to the legal recourse" provided by the trade deals, said Bridget Welsh, associate professor of political science at John Cabot University in Rome.
Thailand's Trade Policy and Strategy Office last month warned that automotive suppliers and tech-component assemblers in the country could move their operations to Vietnam in order to take advantage of tariff-free exports to European markets.
Vietnam estimates that its deal could boost exports to the EU, worth $42.5 billion last year, by up to 20%, and could bump its gross domestic product by as much as 3% by 2023.
EU-Thai trade was valued at just $13.4 billion in the first four months of this year, down from $15.1 billion from the same period last year. Some Thai economists put that down to investors moving their capital to Vietnam in anticipation of its free trade agreement, which is expected to become effective later this year.
"If Thailand and the EU cannot reach an agreement on an FTA deal with a clear time frame, Thailand could lose an opportunity to upgrade its manufacturing industry towards the technologies of the future," the Bangkok-based Kasikorn Research Center said in a May report.
Thailand began negotiations with the EU in 2013, but talks stalled the following year after the Thai military coup.
However, Federica Mogherini, the EU's high representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, told the Nikkei Asian Review this past week: "It's clear the March election and the swearing in of a cross-party coalition cabinet are important steps towards restoring pluralism and democratic governance in Thailand."
Mogherini noted that those were the two conditions laid out in 2017 by the EU for restarting trade talks, which suggests that the EU's stance on Thailand is softening.
Auramon Supthaweethum, director-general of Thailand's Trade Negotiations Department, told the news media this past week that the new Thai government has given the greenlight to "revive FTA negotiations with the EU."
Unlike Vietnam, the EU-Singapore trade agreement poses less of a problem for other countries in the region. That pact includes a rather liberal understanding of rules of origin -- the national source of goods -- and incorporates some aspects of the so-called ASEAN Cumulation plan, which allows Singaporean manufacturers to classify raw materials and parts sourced from other ASEAN countries as originating from Singapore, a potential benefit for those countries.
However, the EU's trade pacts with Vietnam and Singapore could inflict wounds on other ASEAN members if the EU increases its investment in those two countries at the expense of the others.
"It is important for other ASEAN countries to catch up with the EU for [free trade agreements] in order to bridge the gap of [the] playing field," said Suthiphand Chirathivat, the executive director at the ASEAN Studies Center at Chulalongkorn University in Thailand.
Trade discussions with Malaysia are especially troublesome. Talks have been stalled since 2012, just two years after they began. Negotiations are unlikely to restart soon, particularly because Malaysia is threatening to take the EU to the World Trade Organization over Brussels' plan to phase out imports of palm oil from Indonesia and Malaysia by 2030 over environmental concerns. Indonesia is the world's largest producer of palm oil, followed by Malaysia.
"At this stage, we have no indication of when negotiations over the EU-Malaysia FTA might resume," said Maria Castillo Fernandez, the EU's ambassador to Malaysia, adding that "Malaysia and the EU are assessing the opportunity to resume negotiations."
But Welsh of John Cabot University reckons that a trade agreement with Malaysia "is out given the situation with palm oil and biofuel."
The issue also remains a sticking point with Indonesia, but talks on a trade deal that began in 2016 with the EU have continued this year, with more set for December.
Meanwhile, the Philippines is "way behind" in talks, mainly because of Malmstrom's "reluctance to engage" Duterte's government, said Fraser Cameron, director of the EU-Asia Centre, a Brussels-based think tank.
